Is fit-testing required when wearing respirators?
Tight-fitting respirators, such as N95 masks, require either qualitative or quantitative fit testing. Full-face respirators must be tested with a quantitative method because the minimum fit factor for a full-face respirator is 500—a level not achievable with qualitative methods. OSHA mandates that tight-fitting respirators undergo fit testing. If a respirator does not rely on a tight seal around the face, fit testing is not required.
Why is fit testing needed?
Fit testing ensures:
- Seal: The respirator creates a secure seal on the wearer’s face.
- Compatibility: It works seamlessly with other PPE.
- Stability: It maintains its fit during motion or activity.
Tight-fitting respirators, including disposable ones (also called “filtering facepieces”), must seal properly to provide the expected level of protection. OSHA requires fit testing before initial use, when switching to a different respirator, and at least annually thereafter.
About Fit Testing
OSHA requires fit test administrators to know how to conduct a test, recognize invalid tests, and properly clean and maintain equipment. Read more about OSHA fit testing protocols.
The employee must be fit tested with the same make, model, style, and size of respirator that will be used. Changes in a users physical condition can affect respirator fit which will require an additional fit test.
This would include:
- Facial scarring
- Dental changes
- Cosmetic surgery
- Obvious change in body weight.
See OSHA's frequently asked questions on respiratory protection.
OSHA’s Fit Testing Requirements
When Fit Testing is Required:
- Annually.
- Before initial use.
- After switching to a different respirator.
- After physical changes that could affect fit.
Refer to OSHA standard 29 CFR 1910. 120 for more details.
Types of Fit Testing
Qualitative Fit Testing (QLFT)
QLFT relies on the user’s response to test agents (e.g., saccharin, Bitrex, irritant smoke, or banana oil) and is suitable for:
- Negative-pressure air-purifying respirators that are half-mask respirators or below.
While QLFT is acceptable for half-mask respirators, quantitative methods provide greater reliability and accuracy.
Quantitative Fit Testing (QNFT)
QNFT numerically measures leakage into the respirator, ensuring an adequate fit. It is required for:
- Full-face respirators
- Respirators needing a fit factor greater than 100
A good fit ensures the respirator seals to the skin, preventing air from bypassing the filter. Even after fit testing, a user seal check ensures proper wear every time. OSHA mandates this step unless respirator use is voluntary.
- Positive-pressure check: Block the exhalation valve or respirator surface and exhale gently. If pressure builds up without leaks, the seal is secure.
- Negative-pressure check: Block the intake valves or respirator surface and inhale gently. If no air enters, the seal is tight.
Refer to product user instructions for detailed guidance.
Compatibility with Other PPE
Respirators must work alongside other PPE such as safety glasses, hearing protection, face shields, hard hats, or coveralls. Improper fit can cause:
- Overlapping with glasses, leading to fogging.
- Interference with the respirator’s seal.
To avoid these issues, OSHA requires all relevant PPE to be worn during fit testing.
Respirator Stability
Fit testing also evaluates a respirator’s stability during movement. Testing involves exercises that simulate real-world conditions. A stable respirator retains its seal, ensuring consistent protection.
Ensure your team’s safety with professional fit testing services. Contact us today to schedule your session and stay OSHA-compliant.
